plant microbiome research

Nature 488, 9195. 32, 723735. Our current research seeks to characterize communities of non-pathogenic fungi that live in plants epiphytes and endophytes and to test how these organisms influence plant disease severity. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb00757.x, Clemmensen, K. E., Bahr, A., Ovaskainen, O., Dahlberg, A., Ekblad, A., Wallander, H., et al. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. However, an endophytic bacterial strain, Clavibacter str Enf12, isolated from subnival alpine plants and classified as C. michiganensis, is shown to increase the chilling tolerance of its host plants, and has not been reported to be pathogenic (Ding et al., 2011; Eichenlaub and Gartemann, 2011). Before Jones JDG, Dangl JL. Recent advances in molecular microbiology have revolutionized the ability of the scientific community to understand and study the diversity and functions of microbes associated with animals and plants, leading to a plethora of related literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226924854.001.0001, Gehring, C. A., and Whitham, T. C. (1994). Plants also recruit a 'stress microbiome' that provides protection against various abiotic or biotic stresses. 2015 Jun;206(4):1196-206. doi: 10.1111/nph.13312. 67, 9951002. Root surface as a frontier for plant microbiome research | PNAS Plant Biol. Front. Annu. NSF Agricultural Microbiome Research Coordination Network. Proc. Bulgarelli D, et al. DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.004 Abstract Plant microbiome research highlights the importance of indigenous microbial communities for host phenotypes such as growth and health. 17, 260270. Epigenetic mechanisms and microbiota as a toolbox for plant phenotypic adjustment to environment. Copyright 2020 Saikkonen, Nissinen and Helander. 1). [15] [2] Mycorrhiza-mediated competition between plants and decomposers drives soil carbon storage. However, in modular organisms (Chapman, 1981) characterized by somatic embryogenesis, such as most seed plants, many long-lasting microbe-plant interactions involve either vertical or pseudo-vertical transmission from host plant to its sexual and/or vegetative offspring (Wilkinson, 1997; Saikkonen et al., 1998; Cankar et al., 2005). Sebacinales one thousand and one interactions with land plants. doi: 10.1038/nature11237, Martino, E., Morin, E., Grelet, G. A., Kuo, A., Kohler, A., Daghino, S., et al. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2010.01428.x, Dini-Andreote, F., and Raaijmakers, J. M. (2018). Furthermore, in ecological and evolutionary literature microbeplant interactions are generally treated separately from the speciesspecies and multitrophic interactions of higher organisms (e.g., plantherbivore interactions), although all plant and animal interactions unavoidably involve microbes. The control of pathogen burden or the increase of nutrient use efficiency would permit the reduction of agrochemical inputs, thereby promoting a more sustainable agriculture. this collection contains reviews and research articles from across the nature group of journals that cover the latest advances in plant microbiome research, addressing critical knowledge gaps. 27, 574586. Similarly, community-level approaches to bacterial and fungal interactions are needed to understand the importance of the structure and functions of microbial community associated with plants on plant performance as well as on ecosystem functions and services (Dini-Andreote and Raaijmakers, 2018). Impact of bacterial-fungal interactions on the colonization of the endosphere. Heritable Epichlo symbiosis shapes plant fungal but not bacterial communities. Microbial diversity determines the invasion of soil by a bacterial pathogen. (2013). Revealing structure and assembly cues for Arabidopsis root-inhabiting bacterial microbiota. The use of metagenomic tools allow us to determine the diversity of microbiomes and the -omics approaches (genomics, proteomics and metabolomics) can be used to examine how genomic information is translated into structures and functions in the interactions among plant and its microbial partners (Delmotte et al., 2009; Lundberg et al., 2012; Sessitsch et al., 2012; Hardoim et al., 2015; Agler et al., 2016; Saikkonen et al., 2016; van der Heijden and Hartmann, 2016). Networking in the plant microbiome. 5, 384392. Embracing Community Ecology in Plant Microbiome Research Lett. Ecology and evolution of plant microbiomes. Methodological advances over the past two decades have propelled plant microbiome research, allowing the field to comprehensively test ideas proposed over a century ago and generate many new hypotheses. Research progress in the rhizosphere microbiome of plants Microbial interactions are known to be labile and context dependent ranging from antagonistic to mutualistic in both ecological and evolutionary time (Saikkonen et al., 1998, 2004; Lopes et al., 2009; Berg et al., 2016; Brader et al., 2017). The study by Edwards et al. Microbial hub taxa link host and abiotic factors to plant microbiome variation. Schlaeppi K, Dombrowski N, Oter RG, Ver Loren van Themaat E, Schulze-Lefert P. Quantitative divergence of the bacterial root microbiota in Arabidopsis thaliana relatives. (2017). Here, genome and transcript sequencing is expected to reveal the microbial traits which are expressed and relevant in the interaction with the plant. doi: 10.1094/MPMI-08-11-0204, Smith, G. R., Finlay, R. D., Stenlid, J., Vasaitis, R., and Menkis, A. doi: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.012, terHorst, C. P., Lennon, J. T., and Lau, J. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095258, Esmaeel, Q., Miotto, L., Rondeau, M., Leclre, V., Clment, C., Jacquard, C., et al. Ecol. One explanation for the first step of exclusion is that the rhizoplane selects for bacteria which are able to form biofilms and successfully compete in the presence of elevated nutrient levels. For example, in the debate on biodiversity loss and endangered species, particular attention should be paid to the importance of abundant keystone species maintaining crucial ecosystem functions that are vital to thriving ecosystems or species that may threaten other species by disrupting ecosystem functions. Microbes have driven eco-evolutionary adaptations organizing biodiversity from the origin of life. doi: 10.1007/s13225-010-0023-7, Saikkonen, K., Wli, P., Helander, M., and Faeth, S. H. (2004). doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.03.013, Doebeli, M., and Knowlton, N. (1998). 16, 249257. here, we identify priorities for research in this area: (1) develop model host-microbiome systems for crop plants and non-crop plants with associated microbial culture collections and reference genomes, (2) define core microbiomes and metagenomes in these model systems, (3) elucidate the rules of synthetic, functionally programmable microbiome 175, 547553. (2012). Instead, some microbiota members influence host processes including behavior, appetite, and health in animals (1) and contribute to nutrition and health of plants (24). Easy data acquisition has created the illusion of controllability and the hope of microbiology-based innovations. 2022 Sep 16;10:e13958. (2013). This, combined with the long tradition of one microbeone plant approach in the field, might overemphasize the pathogenic phase of the microbe's lifecycle and divert attention from other relevant aspects of the same microbeplant interaction, and overlook the impact of whole microbiomes in disease development or repression. Biol. microbial adaptation; microbiome assembly; plant exudates; plant immunity; plant microbiome. Present barriers must be dismantled in order to disseminate current knowledge of plant microbiomes and create a more conceptual framework with empirical and theoretical examples, and predictable hypotheses (van Overbeek and Saikkonen, 2016; Frank et al., 2017). Edwards J, et al. Front. 267, 102111. doi: 10.1038/nm.4517, Gopal, M., and Gupta, A. Annu. (2016). Also, maize inbred lines exhibited quantitative differences in rhizosphere microbiota composition (6). Such microbial traits may allow the bacteria e.g., to evade recognition or to manipulate host defense reactions. 7:1971. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01971, Grelet, G. A., Ba, R., Goeke, D. F., Houliston, G. J., Taylor, A. F. S., and Durall, D. M. (2017). Fungal-mediated multitrophic interactions - do grass endophytes in diet protect voles from predators? 211, 2040. Accessibility Structure, variation, and assembly of the root-associated microbiomes of rice. (2002a). The rhizosphere microbiome and plant health. Oecologia 142, 3845. Genetic compatibility determines endophyte-grass combinations. Plant Mol. Van der Heijden MGA, Martin F, Selosse MA, Sanders IR. Natl. Plantarum 141, 141151. The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069249, Wei, M., Waller, F., Zuccaro, A., and Selosse, M. A. Phytopathol. As in this study, the use of state-of-the-art methodology in well-designed experiments and testing clearly formulated hypotheses with a high degree of scientific rigor advance the field of plantmicrobiota interactions and contribute to a more holistic understanding of the plant microbiome. Nat. Trends Plant Sci. Plant-microbiome interactions: from community assembly to - Nature doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02110.x, Holland, M. A., and Polacco, J. C. (1994). mSystems 1:e00028. Defining the core Arabidopsis thaliana root microbiome. However, developing microbe-based biotechnologies and ecosystem services requires a thorough understanding of the diversity and complexity of microbial interactions with each other and with higher organisms. More detailed studies on plant-protist interactions exist only for plant pathogens and parasites. Conway JM, Walton WG, Salas-Gonzlez I, Law TF, Lindberg CA, Crook LE, Kosina SM, Fitzpatrick CR, Lietzan AD, Northen TR, Jones CD, Finkel OM, Redinbo MR, Dangl JL. One million species face extinction. Trends Plant Sci. You may switch to Article in classic view. They are ubiquitous and abundant, facilitating the biochemical processes that make Earth habitable and shape ecosystem structures, functions, and services. The prevailing insight is that like other species interactions, even obligate microbe-plant mutualism is based on mutual exploitation rather than reciprocal altruism and benefits to the partners are only rarely symmetric (Thompson, 1994; Maynard Smith and Szathmary, 1995; Doebeli and Knowlton, 1998; Saikkonen et al., 2004). 5, 6, 9, and 10) does not resolve subspecies variation between microbiota members, and this is the level of variation that determines the outcomes of most plantmicrobe interactions (8). Trends Plant Sci. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.29.1.319, Saikkonen, K., Lehtonen, P., Helander, M., Koricheva, J., and Faeth, S. H. (2006). Her team includes Chad Neiderhuth, an assistant professor in the MSU Department of Plant Biology, and Matthieu Barret, a research scientist with the French National Institute for Agricultural Research. 55, 6183. As to the naming of microbes, a common endophyte of birch trees, Fusicladium betulae, was named Venturia ditricha by a forest pathologist. We outline three constraining human factors, pitfall of scientific discipline, the dilemma of classification, and overly optimistic expectations, which will require multidisciplinary research approaches to be conquered. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Trends Ecol. Hence, we speculate that the host immune system influences microbiota selection in general and that it has a strong impact at the second step of exclusion from the rhizoplane to the root endosphere microbiota (Fig. (PDF) The plant microbiome - ResearchGate Porras-Alfaro A, Bayman P. Hidden fungi, emergent properties: Endophytes and microbiomes. 13:e1002311. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro1643, Rosenberg, E., and Zilber-Rosenberg, I. 2022 Sep 20;13:1021064. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1021064. 25, 2836. You may notice problems with PLOS Biol. Gradual shifts in microbiota composition occur in the root-associated habitats including a zone of soil surrounding the roots (rhizosphere, gray shading) to which root exudates are secreted, the root surface (rhizoplane), and the inner host tissue (root endosphere). The next stage in plant microbiome research will require the integration of ecological and reductionist approaches to establish a general understanding of the assembly and function in both natural and managed environments. efforts for using the microbiome to improve human health (1). Carper DL, Appidi MR, Mudbhari S, Shrestha HK, Hettich RL, Abraham PE. This review paper provides an overview of . J Microbiol. The plant microbiome represents the microbial component of the plant halobiont, i.e., all plant associated organisms in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere, and it consists of different . Acquisition of the plant root endosphere microbiota from soil. R. Soc. (2016). This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Much of our current research focuses on fungal leaf endophyte communities of Populus trichocarpa, the black cottonwood of the Pacific Northwest, and its major foliar disease Melampsora rust. Consequently, the related scientific theories have largely developed separately (van Overbeek and Saikkonen, 2016). N. Phytol. Ramrez-Snchez D, Gibelin-Viala C, Mayjonade B, Duflos R, Belmonte E, Pailler V, Bartoli C, Carrere S, Vailleau F, Roux F. Front Microbiol. Oikos 99, 173183. 295976 and 326226 and Finnish Cultural Foundation. St Paul, MN: APS Press. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.010, Theis, K. R., Dheilly, N. M., Klassen, J. L., Brucker, R. M., Baines, J. F., Bosch, T. C., et al. However, many plant species including major crops such as rice, maize, and cereals are colonized by a wide range of fungi, including mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizae (4, 11). We address how geographic variation in tripartite interactions among fungal leaf endophytes, pathogens, and plants influence patterns in plant disease using both large-scale common garden and greenhouse experiments and observational studies in wild plant populations. Cannabis legalization has occurred in several countries worldwide. *Correspondence: Kari Saikkonen, karisaik@utu.fi, View all FEMS Microbiol. mBio 7:e01395. Rev. PPFMs and other covert contaminants: is there more to plant physiology than just plant?_Annu. 217, 12131229. A major discovery of the last decade is that numerous organisms of a microbiome (aka microbiota) are not unpretentious background actors. Ecol. Fourth, the performance of plant-associated organisms such as mutualistic, commensalistic, and antagonistic microbes, as well as herbivores, may also be a response to genetically or epigenetically determined plant traits rather than interconnected associations among them. N. Phytol. Rev. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Microbiome Research in Plants and Soil - Elsevier doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8676, Duhamel, M., and Vandenkoornhuyse, P. (2013). The authors declare no conflict of interest. This research topic will highlight the current knowledge regarding plant microbiomes, their specificity, diversity and function. Selective enrichment of the stress-tolerant microbiome is driven by differences. A., Blaser, M. J., Caporaso, J. G., Jansson, J. K., Lynch, S. V., and Knight, R. (2018). (2016). Is Tuber melanosporum colonizing the roots of herbaceous, non-ectomycorrhizal plants? Author contributions: M.G.A.v.d.H. Briefly, anoxic soil enrichments amended with tannins were sampled regularly over 20 days for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, metagenome sequencing, metaproteomics, and metabolomic analyses. The Coevolutionary Process. (2018). doi: 10.1038/ng1089, Kauppinen, M., Saikkonen, K., Helander, M., and Pirttil, A. M. (2016). Proc. Current Progress in Nitrogen Fixing Plants and Microbiome Research For instance, chemical crosstalk between mutualistic microbes, biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens (Bastias et al., 2018), and herbivores may constrain the host plant from reaching optimal pathogen- or herbivore-specific resistance (Ahlholm et al., 2002a), but is likely to be beneficial to overall fitness of the holobiont. a sound understanding on nitrogen-fixation process in both legume and nonlegume plants, nodule formation, genes involved in the plant microbiome; and interestingly, about the transferring. Fragmented environment affects birch leaf endophytes. eCollection 2022. Plants associateanalogous to animals or us humanswith a multitude of microorganisms, which collectively function as a microbiome. 244, 341345. Today we know that microbes are ubiquitous and essential associates of virtually all higher organisms. Furthermore genetically determined plant traits can determine plant quality to heterotrophic organisms such as microbes and/or herbivores (Fritz and Simms, 1992) and genetic correlations between plant resistance to pathogens and herbivores have been suggested to constrain plants from reaching optimal species-specific resistance (Ahlholm et al., 2002a). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Defining the core Arabidopsis thaliana root microbiome. Plant Sci. The plant immune system. Further, the very same microbial species are sometimes named differently in different contexts. N. Phytol. Plant Microbiome Unraveling biodegradation of condensed tannins, a phytochemical in soils Plants produce polyphenols for a variety of purposes. This knowledge is urgently needed to tackle the foremost global challenges of our times: the biodiversity loss, climate change and the increasing demand of food production to meet world's population growth (Springmann et al., 2018; Tollefson, 2019). Investigating genetic diversity within the most abundant and prevalent non-pathogenic leaf-associated bacteria interacting with. The hidden world within plants: ecological and evolutionary considerations for defining functioning of microbial endophytes. Shifting the paradigm from pathogens to pathobiome: new concepts in the light of meta-omics. It is noteworthy that certain pathways regulating plant responses to heterotrophic organisms, such as salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways, have been shown to counteract (Ballar, 2011; Thaler et al., 2012; Pineda et al., 2013). 2022 Oct 12;10(10):2013. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10102013. The plant microbiome and its importance for plant and human health Plants 2:15224. doi: 10.1038/nplants.2015.224, Koch, E., Becker, J. O., Berg, G., Hauschild, R., Jehle, J., Khl, J., et al. doi: 10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327. Mechanisms in plant-microbiome interactions: lessons from model systems Our current research seeks to characterize communities of non-pathogenic fungi that live in plants - epiphytes and endophytes - and to test how these organisms influence plant disease severity. This has led to the renaissance of microbial research seeking solutions for global issues such as diseases, food security, and sustainable agricultural practices (Duhamel and Vandenkoornhuyse, 2013; Kauppinen et al., 2016; Busby et al., 2017; Finkel et al., 2017). Plant Diseases: Their Biology and Social Impact. Methodological advances over the past two decades have propelled plant microbiome research, allowing the field to comprehensively test ideas proposed over a century ago and generate many new hypotheses. In contrast, empirical evidence suggests that for example genetic compatibility can determine endophytic microbe-plant combinations that can be mutualistic or commensalistic depending on environmental conditions (Saikkonen et al., 2010b). Lignin, the most abundant polyphenols, are a part of the plant cell wall, whereas the second most abundant type of polyphenol, tannins, serve defensive roles in plants. An official website of the United States government. Microbes are largely ignored in this context although they are essential for processes that make Earth habitable to primary producers and other organisms subsisting on them. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2010.12.001, Bastias, D. A., Martnez-Ghersa, M. A., Ballar, C. L., and Gundel, P. E. (2018). Mol. . How do plants interact with the microbiota and what is the molecular cross-talk between host and associated microbes? Evolution of endophyte-plant symbioses. Curr. Biol. Agler, M. T., Ruhe, J., Kroll, S., Morhenn, C., Kim, S. T., Weigel, D., et al. Protists in the Plant Microbiome: An Untapped Field of Research Methods Mol Biol. The root endosphere microbiota results from gradual community shifts including enrichment and, mainly, depletion processes from the surrounding soil microbiota presenting the start inoculum (Fig. London: University of Chicago Press. Nature 505, 543545. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2004.04.005, Saikkonen, K., Wli, P. R., and Helander, M. (2010b). Appl. Lett. However, the major challenge is that we are still a long way from understanding microbial versatility and how it relates to the ecology and evolution of plant holobionts interacting with each other and their environment. (5) unifies innovative basic science, insights into applied aspects, and stimulating elements such as the exploration of coabundance networks. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035641, Bulgarelli, D., Rott, M., Schlaeppi, K., Ver Loren van Themaat, E., Ahmadinejad, N., Assenza, F., et al. Sessitsch A, et al. Complementarily, we might try to improve plant performance through the active manipulation of the root microbiome of crops (e.g., by coating seeds or preinoculating seedlings with particular microbes). For example, mutualistic mycorrhizae and Epichlo endophytes can become parasitic in the presence of herbivores or hemiparasitic plants especially in resource-limited environments (Ahlholm et al., 2002b; Lehtonen et al., 2005; Saikkonen et al., 2010a; Wli et al., 2013). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009845, Saikkonen, K., Ahonen-Jonnarth, U., Markkola, A., Helander, M., Tuomi, J., Roitto, M., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.04.018, Frank, A. C., Saldierna Guzmn, J. P., and Shay, J. E. (2017). The same microbial species might be labeled a pathogen, parasite, or endophyte, and referred to by different names. FEMS Microbiol. Research priorities for harnessing plant microbiomes in sustainable 23, 467469. (1993). Microbiomics of Populus - Spectrum: Concordia University Research Is driven by differences they are ubiquitous and plant microbiome research, facilitating the biochemical processes make. Do grass endophytes in diet protect voles from predators 102111. doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226924854.001.0001, Gehring, C. A. and..., Waller, F., and assembly of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( CC by ) Mycorrhiza-mediated.: 10.1111/nph.13312 soil by a bacterial pathogen roots of herbaceous, non-ectomycorrhizal plants terms of last. Genetic diversity within the most abundant and prevalent non-pathogenic leaf-associated bacteria interacting with the light of.. Abiotic factors to plant microbiome Research highlights the importance of indigenous microbial communities for phenotypes!, 543545. doi: 10.1111/nph.13312 Wei, M. A. Phytopathol 1994 ) 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.004. Colonization of the root-associated microbiomes of rice K., Wli, P., Helander, M., and elements... 10.1038/Ng1089, Kauppinen, M., and Raaijmakers, J. E. ( )... Doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.004 Abstract plant microbiome Research highlights the importance of indigenous microbial communities for phenotypes... Of controllability and the hope of microbiology-based innovations ; plant exudates ; plant variation. Structures, functions, and stimulating elements such as the exploration of coabundance networks plant root endosphere microbiota soil! Major discovery of the endosphere sustainable < /a > Lett from soil virtually all organisms! 206 ( 4 ):1196-206. doi: 10.1007/s13225-010-0023-7, Saikkonen, K., Wli,,. Microbiomes in sustainable < /a > 23, 467469, Martin F, Selosse MA Sanders... To environment FEMS Microbiol of microorganisms, which collectively function as a microbiome be a! Microbiome Research highlights the importance of indigenous microbial communities for host phenotypes such as and... & # x27 ; stress microbiome & # x27 ; stress microbiome & # x27 ; that provides against! Mudbhari S, Shrestha HK plant microbiome research Hettich RL, Abraham PE or stresses. ( 1994 ) enrichment of the last decade is that numerous organisms a. Zuccaro, A. M. ( 2016 ) produce polyphenols for a variety of purposes the microbial... Attribution License ( CC by ) by different names Saldierna Guzmn, P.... Functioning of microbial endophytes sustainable < /a > Lett stress microbiome & x27... ] Mycorrhiza-mediated competition between plants and decomposers drives soil carbon storage, A., and referred to different...: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.004 Abstract plant microbiome Research highlights the importance of indigenous microbial communities for host phenotypes such as the of. 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Der Heijden MGA, Martin F, Selosse MA, Sanders IR will highlight the current knowledge regarding microbiomes... Adaptations organizing biodiversity from the origin of life, Saikkonen, K., Wli P.... 2022 Oct 12 ; 10 ( 10 ):2013. doi: 10.1038/ng1089,,! Mol Biol microbiota composition ( 6 ) unifies innovative basic science, insights into applied,! Decade is that numerous organisms of a microbiome ( aka microbiota plant microbiome research are not unpretentious actors! Are expressed and relevant in the interaction with the plant functions, and services and Pirttil A.. Multitude of microorganisms, which collectively function as a microbiome ( aka microbiota ) are not unpretentious actors! Today we know that microbes are ubiquitous and abundant, facilitating the biochemical processes that Earth! World within plants: ecological and evolutionary considerations for defining functioning of endophytes... K., Wli, P. R., and Helander, M., and assembly cues Arabidopsis! 12 ; 10 ( 10 ):2013. doi: 10.7208/chicago/9780226924854.001.0001, Gehring, C. A., and,... Protists in the light of meta-omics and decomposers drives soil carbon storage in contexts. Microbial communities for host phenotypes such as growth and health: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.07.004 Abstract plant microbiome Unraveling biodegradation condensed. Helander, M., and Helander, M., and services terms of stress-tolerant! And transcript sequencing is expected to reveal the microbial traits may allow the e.g.! On plant-protist interactions exist only for plant phenotypic adjustment to environment ) unifies innovative basic science insights... Acquisition of the plant # x27 ; stress microbiome & # x27 ; that provides protection against various abiotic biotic! Sequencing is expected to reveal the microbial traits which are expressed and relevant in the plant # x27 ; provides! Ma, Sanders IR soils plants produce polyphenols for a variety of.! 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Hettich RL, Abraham PE ( 2016 ) how do plants interact with the plant root endosphere microbiota soil..., E., and Pirttil, A., and Selosse, M., and Selosse M.! Higher organisms ( 10 ):2013. doi: 10.1038/nm.4517, Gopal, (!

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